Imagery · Drawn & painted
Painterly illustration
Brushed, airbrushed or painted pictures.
A design choice in Stylogeny’s vocabulary, under imagery: what kind of pictures, if any?
- styles make it
- 139
- as a defining choice
- 33
- as a usual one
- 51
- now and then
- 55
- avoid it
- 32
Styles defined by it 33
For these styles it is one of the choices that make the style.
Persian Miniature (Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid Book Painting)The court book painting of Iran and Timurid Herat, formed in Mongol Tabriz from Islamic, Byzantine and Chinese models: from Rashid al-Din's Jamiʿ al-tawarikh (1314) and the Great Mongol Shahnama to Behzad's Herat and the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp, ending in the album pages of Safavid Isfahan.
Rinpa & Saga-bonA Kyoto school of decorative design that revived the poetry and court painting of the Heian period, begun around 1600 by the calligrapher Hon'ami Kōetsu and the painter Tawaraya Sōtatsu and carried on less by teaching than by admiration across generations: Ogata Kōrin, Sakai Hōitsu, Kamisaka Sekka.
- Ten Bamboo Studio Colour Woodblock (Douban & Gonghua)A kind of colour woodblock printing begun in late-Ming Nanjing, made so that a print looks like a brush painting.
Burmese Parabaik Painting (Konbaung Folding Books)Painted Burmese folding books of the Konbaung court and its monasteries.
Chaekgeori & Minhwa Screen PaintingKorean painted folding screens of the late Joseon period.
- Indian Calendar & Bazaar ArtMass-printed images of Hindu deities, epic scenes, saints, nationalist heroes and film stars, sold in bazaars and given away as business calendars, from the chromolithographs of the Calcutta Art Studio and Ravi Varma Press to Sivakasi offset.
Spanish Bullfight Poster (Cartel Taurino)The Spanish bullfight poster in its illustrated form, from Marcelino de Unceta's lithographs (from 1879) to the Valencian house of Ortega, which supplied rings across Spain.
- Senegalese Sufi Devotional Imagery (Souwère Glass Painting and Amadou Bamba Portraits)The devotional imagery of Senegal's Sufi brotherhoods, above all the Mourides: reverse paintings on glass (souwère), made in Senegal's cities since about 1900, and the murals, banners, prints and photocopies that multiply one 1913 photograph of Sheikh Amadou Bamba across Dakar and Touba.
Santiniketan & Bengal School GraphicsThe nationalist, anti-academic art of Calcutta and Santiniketan, which turned from oil-paint naturalism and chromolithograph gloss to Indian and pan-Asian sources.
Shanghai Modern & YuefenpaiThe commercial art of treaty-port Shanghai.
Basel Object Poster (Swiss Sachplakat)The Swiss descendant of the German object poster, made in Zurich and above all Basel from 1919 to the early 1950s.
Early Turkish Republican Graphic DesignThe pictorial poster, label and ticket art of the young Turkish Republic, led by İhap Hulusi Görey after his Munich training in Ludwig Hohlwein's orbit, with Münif Fehim Özarman and, after 1943, Kenan Temizan.
Australian Travel Poster (ANTA Era)The pictorial posters that the Australian National Travel Association (ANTA, 1929), state tourist bureaux, railways and shipping lines commissioned to sell Australia abroad and at home.
Giallo Mondadori Covers (I Libri Gialli)The cover system of Mondadori's crime series, Milan, from I Libri Gialli of 1929 to Il Giallo Mondadori today.
Mexican Calendar Chromo (Cromos calendáricos)Mexico's give-away advertising calendars, at their height from the 1930s to the late 1960s.
Egyptian Painted Film PosterThe painted publicity of Egyptian cinema from the early talkies to the 1990s, designed outside the studios by artist-printers such as Hassan Mazhar Gassour and printed as colour lithographs in Cairo.
Socialist Realist Propaganda PosterThe official art doctrine of the Soviet Union from 1932, later exported across the socialist world, which replaced avant-garde experiment with legible, heroic realism 'national in form, socialist in content'.
Spanish Civil War PosterThe poster war waged by the Spanish Republic, its unions and its anarchist, communist and socialist parties against Franco's uprising.
Hand-Painted Bollywood PosterThe painted publicity of Bombay's Hindi film industry, at its height from the 1940s to the 1980s.
Polish Poster SchoolA painterly, metaphorical poster culture that flourished in communist Poland, chiefly for film, theatre, opera and circus.
West African Barbershop & Hair Salon SignsHand-painted boards advertising barbershops and braiding salons across West and Central Africa, made by self-taught, often anonymous sign painters since the mid-20th century.
Chinese National-Style Animation (Shanghai Animation Film Studio)The 'national style' of the Shanghai Animation Film Studio, which turned from Disney and Soviet models to Chinese media: Peking-opera masks and movement, paper-cut and folded-paper figures, mural and New Year print colour and, from 1960, ink-wash painting set in motion after Qi Baishi and Li Keran.
- Picó Sound-System Painting (Colombian Caribbean)The hand-painted fronts of the picós, the giant sound systems that play dances in the barrios of Barranquilla and Cartagena.
Tingatinga PaintingA Tanzanian popular painting school begun in Dar es Salaam by Edward Tingatinga (1932–1972), who from 1968 painted animals, birds and village scenes in glossy bicycle enamel on square hardboard ceiling boards for residents and tourists.
Kinshasa Popular PaintingA school of easel painting founded in Kinshasa in the early 1970s by Chéri Samba, Moké, Chéri Chérin and Pierre Bodo, largely self-taught painters, several of them trained in Kinshasa's billboard and sign workshops.
Afrobeat Sleeve ArtThe painted and collaged record covers of Nigerian Afrobeat, defined by Lemi Ghariokwu's sleeves for Fela Kuti from Alagbon Close (1974) onward.
- Iranian Revolutionary & Sacred Defence PosterPosters, murals and stamps of the 1978–79 Iranian Revolution and the 1980–88 war with Iraq, which fused the red-white-black international revolutionary poster with Persian miniature and coffeehouse narrative painting.
City Pop IllustrationThe painted look of Japanese city pop record sleeves and magazine covers, fixed by Hiroshi Nagai's sleeve for Eiichi Ohtaki's A Long Vacation (1981) and Eizin Suzuki's for Tatsuro Yamashita's For You (1982).
Ghanaian Movie PosterHand-painted posters commissioned by Ghana's mobile video clubs from about 1985, painted by apprenticed sign painters on stitched flour sacks to advertise VHS screenings of Hollywood, Hong Kong, Nigerian and Indian films.
Matatu & Nganya ArtThe commissioned livery of Kenya's privately owned minibus taxis, at its most elaborate the Nairobi nganya.
Egyptian Revolutionary Street Art (Mohamed Mahmoud Murals)The street art of Egypt's 2011 revolution and the years after it, when Cairo's walls, above all around Tahrir and Mohamed Mahmoud Street, became what Ammar Abo Bakr called a newspaper.
SolarpunkHopeful eco-futurist imagery born online.
- Lo-fi Anime AestheticThe look of YouTube's 24/7 lo-fi hip hop streams.
Styles that often use it 51
A characteristic choice: usual in these styles, though not essential.
- Ethiopian Ge'ez Manuscript & Haräg IlluminationThe manuscript art of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, written in the Ge'ez syllabary on parchment from the Garima Gospels (radiocarbon-dated to roughly the 4th–7th centuries) to the present.
Armenian Manuscript IlluminationThe illuminated books of the Armenian Church, from the Gospel of Queen Mlke (c. 862) and the Etchmiadzin Gospels (989) to the last manuscripts around 1800.
Ma & Wabi-sabi AestheticsA Japanese aesthetic rooted in Zen and the wabi tea ceremony that prizes austerity, imperfection, impermanence and the charged interval (ma) between things.
- Kalighat Pat & Battala Bazaar PrintsThe bazaar art of nineteenth-century Calcutta: watercolours sold to pilgrims by patua painters at the Kalighat temple, and the cheap woodcuts and metal engravings that Battala presses printed for chapbooks and almanacs.
- Persian Popular Narrative (Lithographs & Coffeehouse Painting)Iran's popular picture-stories in two media.
Cuban Tobacco Lithography (Habilitaciones & Marquillas)The chromolithographed dress of Havana tobacco.
Belle Époque Lithographic PosterThe large colour lithographic street poster that turned Paris into an open-air gallery, from Jules Chéret's first posters of 1866 to Leonetto Cappiello before the First World War.
- Norwegian and Finnish National Romantic Graphics (Munthe & Karelianism)The flat, decorative branch of Norway's and Finland's national romanticism, which turned Viking carving, the sagas, the Kalevala and old peasant weaving into modern ornament.
Mir iskusstva Book ArtThe graphic idiom of the St Petersburg World of Art circle (journal 1898–1904, exhibitions until Paris 1927) and the book artists around it.
Cubist Pictorial SpaceThe pictorial revolution of Picasso and Braque that shattered single-point perspective into overlapping, faceted planes seen from several viewpoints at once.
- London Transport DesignThe design programme Frank Pick built for London's Underground from 1908 and the London Passenger Transport Board (1933–40), continued by Harold Hutchison (1947–66).
Art DecoThe glamorous modern style named after the 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs, which disciplined ornament into geometry: sunbursts, chevrons, stepped forms and sleek stylised figures rendered in lacquer-smooth colour with metallic accents.
- Taishō Roman & Lyrical IllustrationThe lyrical illustration (jojōga) of late-Meiji to early-Shōwa Japan, led by Takehisa Yumeji: willowy, large-eyed women in kimono drawn with an Art Nouveau contour, set among camellias and kimono patterns and lettered by hand.
Hungarian Revolutionary PosterThe political posters of Hungary's revolutions.
- Estridentismo (Stridentist) GraphicsMexico's first avant-garde (1921-27), launched when Manuel Maples Arce pasted his manifesto Actual No. 1 on Mexico City walls.
- Italian Fascist Graphics (Romanità & Exhibition Photomontage)The visual language of Italian Fascism, which turned modernist means to a cult of Rome and of the Duce.
Surrealist GraphicsLaunched by André Breton's 1924 manifesto, Surrealism sought the marvellous in dreams, chance and the unconscious.
Streamline ModerneThe late, chiefly American phase of Art Deco, in which aerodynamic science became a visual language for a Depression-era culture hungry for progress.
Estado Novo Folk Modernism (SPN)The official image of Salazar's Estado Novo, shaped by António Ferro's Secretariado de Propaganda Nacional (SPN, 1933; SNI from 1944).
- Nippon Kōbō & Tōhōsha Photo-Propaganda Magazines (NIPPON & FRONT)Luxury photo-propaganda magazines that imperial Japan sent abroad, 1934–45.
Hebrew Poster Lettering & Early Israeli State DesignThe commercial and state graphics of the Jewish community in Mandate Palestine and early Israel, made in Tel Aviv from 1934 by designers who had trained in Berlin and Vienna: Franz Krausz, Otte Wallish and the Shamir brothers.
Tiki Pop (Polynesian Pop)The mainland American fantasy of the South Seas, begun by Don the Beachcomber's Hollywood bar (about 1934) and Trader Vic's in Oakland and at its height in the Polynesian restaurants of the 1950s and 60s.
- Vietnamese Propaganda Poster (Tranh cổ động)The state poster art of Vietnam from the 1945 August Revolution to today.
Jeepney ArtThe decoration of the Philippine jeepney, the shared taxi built from surplus US Army jeeps after 1945 and later from locally fabricated stainless-steel bodies by firms such as Sarao and Francisco Motors.
- Pakistani Truck ArtThe total decoration of Pakistan's trucks and buses, which grew from company marks and saints' portraits painted in the late 1940s into a workshop art in which painters, metalworkers, woodcarvers and reflective-tape specialists collaborate on each vehicle.
French Post-War Visual-Gag Poster (Savignac, Villemot, Morvan)The humorous street poster of post-war Paris, which took off in 1949 when Raymond Savignac and Bernard Villemot showed their rejected projects together and Savignac's Monsavon cow, its udder filling a bar of soap, went up on the walls.
- Hurufiyya Calligraphic ModernismA pan-Arab and Iranian modern-art movement, begun by Madiha Omar in the late 1940s, that freed the letters of the Arabic script from text and used them as abstract visual units.
Shōjo Manga (Japanese Girls' Comics)The look of Japan's girls' comics (strictly a readership, not a style), which Takahashi Macoto fixed in 1958 from the lyrical illustration (jojōga) of Nakahara Jun'ichi and the Year 24 Group remade in the 1970s.
Hong Kong East–West Graphic ModernismThe studio design of Hong Kong from the 1960s, made for banks, developers, trade bodies, hotels and cultural events in a city that had to speak Chinese and English at once.
- Palestinian Resistance PosterThe poster culture of the Palestinian national movement after 1965, issued by the PLO and its factions from Beirut and other Arab capitals for refugee camps, homes and solidarity audiences abroad.
Amar Chitra Katha ComicsThe Bombay comic-book series that from 1967 retold Hindu myth and epic, Buddhist and Jain tales, saints, folk legends, the jests of the court wits Birbal and Tenali Raman, and Indian history for children, in English and Indian languages, with well over 500 titles by the early 1990s.
AfriCOBRAThe Black Arts Movement collective founded in Chicago in 1968 by Jeff Donaldson, Wadsworth and Jae Jarrell, Barbara Jones-Hogu and Gerald Williams, after OBAC's Wall of Respect mural.
- Ultras Graphics (Curva Banners and Tifo)The graphic language of Italy's organised football supporters, the ultras, from the late 1960s, and of the groups that copied them across Europe, North Africa and beyond.
Afrofuturist DesignA visual language of Black futures that fuses African and diasporic iconography (pyramids and ankhs, Adinkra and Nsibidi glyphs, textile patterning) with spacecraft, cosmic fields and technology.
- Grapus (French Militant Graphic Collective)The posters and identities of Grapus, a Paris collective founded in 1970 by Communist Party members who had met in the 1968 poster workshops.
Graffiti & Hip-Hop GraphicsBorn on New York's subway cars and Bronx party flyers, graffiti writing turns the writer's name into a monumental letter-sculpture: bubble, block and wildstyle letters with arrows, 3D drop shadows, fades and highlights, painted freehand in aerosol.
- Roots Reggae Sleeve Art & Rasta IconographyThe record sleeves of roots reggae, from Catch a Fire (1973) until dancehall took over in the 1980s.
- Ethiopian Revolutionary Poster (Derg Era)The poster and mural art of the Derg military government and its successor, Mengistu's People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1974–1991), made mostly by teachers and students of the Addis Ababa School of Fine Arts.
Métal hurlant Science-Fiction Comics (Mœbius, Druillet & Les Humanoïdes Associés)The adult science-fiction comics of Métal hurlant, the Paris magazine founded in 1974 by Mœbius, Philippe Druillet, Jean-Pierre Dionnet and Bernard Farkas.
Lebanese Civil War Party PosterThe posters that some twenty parties and militias pasted on the walls of Beirut and other towns between 1975 and 1990, marking each quarter as one faction's territory.
La Movida Madrileña GraphicsThe graphics of Madrid's Movida, the post-Franco scene of new-wave bands, fanzines and night life usually dated from the Canito concert of 9 February 1980 and later backed by the city council.
Rave & Acid House GraphicsThe pocket-sized promotional art of acid house, rave and early techno, handed out in record shops and car parks to advertise all-night parties.
- Black Metal GraphicsThe visual language of black metal, fixed by Norway's second wave in the early 1990s, now worldwide, since the 2010s borrowed by mainstream acts (Szpajdel's Rihanna and Metallica logos, 2016).
Korean Webtoon GraphicsThe full-colour, vertical-scroll comic that Korean web portals made standard in the 2000s and smartphone apps took worldwide.
- Contemporary Chinese Book Design ('Most Beautiful Books of China')Chinese book design since 2003, when Shanghai founded the yearly 'Most Beautiful Books of China' award, whose winners go on to Leipzig.
Modern Calligraphy and Brush LetteringThe loose pointed-pen and brush-pen script of wedding stationery and the 2010s craft boom.
Synthwave / OutrunThe retro-futurist look of synthwave music: a 1980s revival that grew from mid-2000s French electro and online synth scenes, took its other name from Sega's arcade racer Out Run (1986) and reached the mainstream with Drive (2011).
- VTuber Avatar and Stream GraphicsThe graphic kit of virtual YouTubers, streamers who perform behind an animated anime-style character instead of their own face.
Book Blob (Abstract Colour-Blob Literary Fiction Cover)The default jacket of US literary fiction around 2019–2023: soft, overlapping blobs of saturated colour fill the cover edge to edge (cobalt, pink, orange-red, deep green, mustard).
Black Lives Matter Street MuralsA single protest slogan painted along the roadway in capitals 20 to 35 feet tall, filling the street from kerb to kerb, so it reads whole only from rooftops, drones and helicopters.
Generative-AI Image AestheticThe house look of pictures synthesised by text-to-image diffusion models since 2022.
Styles that use it now and then 55
An occasional choice in these styles.
- Chinese Calligraphy & Seal Carving (Shufa & Zhuanke)c. 0–present
- Mithila (Madhubani) Paintingc. 1350–present
- Persian Nastaʿlīq Calligraphy (Qiṭʿa, Chalipa and Siyāh-mashq)c. 1400–present
- Zoomorphic & Figural Calligraphy (Islamic Calligrams)1500–present
- Hand-Painted Signage & Vernacular Lettering1800–present
- Japonisme1860–1910
- Celtic Revival Illumination & Lettering1861–1951
- Lotería Card Imagery (Mexican Lotería)1887–present
- Art Nouveau1890–1910
- Fileteado Porteño1890–present
- Glasgow Style1890–1914
- Simplicissimus Satirical Style (Munich)1896–1944
- Plakatstil / Sachplakat1905–1920
- Bezalel School1906–1929
- Kultur-Lige & Yiddish Avant-Garde Book Design1917–1924
- Leningrad Avant-Garde Picture Book1922–1936
- Republican Chinese Book Cover Design (Lu Xun & Tao Yuanqing)1923–1949
- Amazonian Boat Lettering (Abridores de Letras)1925–present
- Harlem Renaissance Graphic Art1925–1940
- Lianhuanhua Picture-Story Books1925–1990
- Filipino Komiks1929–1999
- Penguin Paperback Design (Three Bands to the Marber Grid)1935–1972
- UPA & Cartoon Modern1944–1960
- Puerto Rican Silkscreen Poster (DIVEDCO & ICP)1946–1989
- Story Manga (Postwar Japanese Comics)1947–present
- Argentine Adventure Historieta (Oesterheld–Breccia)1948–1996
- Taiwan Floral Cloth (Huabu)1950–present
- Finnish Bold Print (Marimekko Modernism)1951–present
- Cairo–Beirut Arab Modernist Book & Periodical Design1952–1990
- Vicente Rojo & Mexican Editorial Modernism1953–1990
- West German Conceptual Film & Culture Poster (Hillmann and Rambow)1953–1990
- Zagreb School of Animated Film1954–1980
- Woodland School (Legend Painting)1962–present
- Hipgnosis Photographic Concept Sleeve1968–1983
- ECM Sleeve Aesthetic (Munich)1969–present
- Turkish Weekly Humour Magazines (Gırgır to Uykusuz)1972–2025
- Dutch Expressive Postmodernism (Studio Dumbar & Hard Werken)1977–1994
- Post-Punk Record Sleeve (Stiff, Factory, 4AD)1977–1990
- NSK Retro-Avant-Garde1980–present
- Demoscene Graphics (Cracktros, Demos & Text-Mode Art)1985–present
- Global Village Coffeehouse1988–2003
- Nigerian Pentecostal Crusade Poster & Billboard1990–present
- Bitterkomix (Afrikaans Underground Comics)1992–present
- Indonesian Woodcut Activism (Taring Padi)1998–present
- Korean Commercial Calligraphy (Kaelligeurapi)1999–present
- Cartonera Books (Latin American Cardboard Publishing)2003–present
- Itasha (Anime Character Car Graphics)2005–present
- Arab Independent Comics (Samandal, TokTok, Lab619, Skefkef)2007–present
- Natural Wine Label Art2007–present
- Slow-Living Editorial (the Kinfolk Look)2011–present
- 'Good Morning' Greeting Images (WhatsApp Forward Vernacular)2013–present
- Data Humanism2014–present
- Hong Kong Protest Art (Umbrella Movement to the 2019–20 Protests)2014–2020
- Illustrated Rom-Com Book Cover (Cartoon Couple Cover)2016–present
- Chilean Estallido Social Graphics (Revuelta Popular of 2019–20)2019–2022
It often goes with
Choices that the styles making it make more often than the atlas as a whole.
- Painterly brushworkin 103 of 139
- Naturalistic depictionin 83 of 139
- Romantic & sensualin 60 of 139
- Gradientsin 58 of 139
- Hand-letteringin 116 of 139
- Hand-paintedin 63 of 139
Styles that avoid it
Styles that deliberately leave it out.
- Chinese Paper-Cut (Jianzhi)c. 500–present
- Mixteca-Puebla Codex Paintingc. 1200–1560
- Czech Poetist Book Design (Devětsil)1922–1938
- Isotype Pictorial Statistics1925–1971
- Brazilian Concrete Design1951–1975
- Zagreb Modernist Graphics (EXAT 51 to Teatar &TD)1951–1975
- HfG Ulm Systematic Design1953–1968
- Blue Note Jazz Sleeve Modernism1956–1967
- Dazibao (Big-Character Posters)1957–1980
- Turkish Modernist Poster & Graphic Design1959–2000
- Di Tella Graphic Design (Instituto Torcuato Di Tella)1960–1970
- Op Art Graphics1960–1975
- Indian Institutional Modernism (NID)1961–1990
- Total Design & Dutch Functionalism1963–1990
- Mexico 68 Olympic & Metro Identity1966–1970
- Swiss Punk / New Wave Typography1968–1990
- Pop Achorado (Peruvian Agrarian Reform Posters)1969–1975
- Australian Poster Collective Screenprints1971–1994
- Emigre & Early Digital Type1984–1998
- Out-of-Square Hangul Typography1985–present
- Techno-Futurist Graphics1986–2002
- Nollywood Video Jacket & Film Poster1992–present
- Hype Streetwear Graphics (Box Logo to Quotation Marks)1993–present
- Indian Pop-Kitsch Design (Desi Kitsch)1997–present
- Tamil Nadu Flex Banners2000–present
- Contemporary Arabic & Dual-Script Type Design2004–present
- Seoul Independent Graphic Design (Small-Studio Scene)2005–present
- Generative & Dynamic Identities2007–present
- Lucerne Poster Scene (Neubad & Südpol Posters)2007–present
- Polish Information Picture Book (Dwie Siostry)2008–present
- Kinetic Typography & Variable Type2016–present
- Post-Binary Typography (Bye Bye Binary and Inclusive French Type)2018–present