Vicente Rojo & Mexican Editorial Modernism

• Keep the design below the text: let the cover suggest and insinuate what the book holds, very subtly, and add nothing the reader does not need.
• Order the page with the printer's own stock: rules of two weights, one- and two-line frames, bullets, asterisks, black and white stars and pointing hands that mark levels, quotations and titles.
• Treat photographs at the press: high-contrast film, coarse or blown-up grain and varied screens, printed as duotones in two opposed or complementary inks.
• Set a single image, vignette or sign on a white ground, edged by a fine rule, so it stands for the whole book.
• Give every series a fixed scheme (format, a flat coloured band round the image, a place for author and title, a slash between them on the spine) and change the image, letters or colour book by book.
• Treat letters as signs: build a cover from large wood types, a painter's geometric mark or a drawn alphabet rather than from illustration.

Mexico City: the INBA publications office of the Spanish-born typographer and painter Miguel Prieto, where the Barcelona-born Vicente Rojo (1932-2021, in Mexico from 1949) trained from 1950; Imprenta Madero, the press run by Tomás Espresate, where Rojo picked the typefaces, ran the photographic and pre-press work and trained a generation of designers; and Ediciones Era, which Rojo founded in 1960 with José Azorín and the Espresates to use the press's idle time

1. Cuauhtémoc Medina and Amanda de la Garza, 'Escrito / Pintado: Vicente Rojo como agente múltiple', Marina Garone Gravier, 'Rojo: un camino del diseño a la edición', and Daniel Garza Usabiaga, 'T Negaciones: pintura, diseño gráfico y la cultura visual corporativa de la posguerra', in Vicente Rojo. Escrito/Pintado (MUAC, UNAM and El Colegio Nacional, 2015), bilingual exhibition catalogue (Rojo's apprenticeship with Prieto, 1950-1952, and the tastes Prieto instilled, 'a symmetrical, axial order' mostly in black and white, with Baskerville and Bodoni among his types, which partly inclined Rojo to Bodoni and Egyptian at Madero; the French and US advertising manuals Rojo could find were 'not to his liking', and the Zurich magazine Du, Ricard Giralt Miracle and, for Artes de México, the Swiss-Italian art publisher Skira were his points of reference; the 1956 México en la Cultura redesign; Artes de México 1953-1963; La Cultura en México 1962-1974; Plural with Kazuya Sakai and Rojo's alphabet; the La Jornada model 1984-1987; the Serie del Volador scheme of a coloured band round a high-contrast image and a spine in two bands; Madero's Bodoni, Egyptian and Futura, Kodalith high contrast, and the designers Rojo trained; Rojo's vocabulary of clipped vignettes, bullets, asterisks, rules, hands and one- and two-line frames, grain treated in different sizes and two-colour mixes of opposite and complementary colours, light colour sweeps from the 1980s; Los indios de México with ochre grounds inside, Alacena, Serie del Volador, Introducción a la poesía; El gallo de oro coloured in direct tones on white inside a thin bar; Medina and de la Garza: Rojo used his anti-images from Señales and Negaciones as a basis or model for book covers, posters and album covers; Garza Usabiaga: Rojo art director of the Revista de la Universidad from 1966, its cover heading changed every year with a U sometimes in a solid colour and sometimes a cluster of small circles, circles and squares framing images on magazine covers, and the Plural logotype of lines in two clearly delimited colours): https://muac.unam.mx/assets/docs/p-071-f_muac-033-rojo-int-dobles-100dpi.pdf
2. Marina Garone Gravier, 'Cultura visual y materialidad del ensayo: los dispositivos tipográficos de Vicente Rojo en Días de guardar (1970)' (CIALC, UNAM) (the printer's paraphernalia as recurring devices; high-contrast and screened photographs, two-colour at first and later with colour sweeps; the black-and-yellow duotone first cover of Días de guardar; one family, probably Baskerville, with two-weight rules, bullets, hands, asterisks and stars; mostly symmetric pages): https://rilzea.cialc.unam.mx/jspui/bitstream/CIALC-UNAM/CL120/1/ENSAYO_DIA_II_6.pdf
3. Vicente Rojo, Los sueños compartidos, inaugural lecture at El Colegio Nacional, 16 November 1994, with José Emilio Pacheco's salutation (El Colegio Nacional, 1995; reprint 2016) (Prieto as initiator of modern Mexican graphic design and his 'democracia visual'; work 'con gran economía de medios'; Imprenta Madero and the designers formed there, among them Germán Montalvo and Rafael López Castro; Pacheco: 'La totalidad de las portadas es obra suya'; the fingerprint cover of Nueve pintores mexicanos): https://colnal.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Discurso-Vicente-Rojo.pdf
4. 'El diseño gráfico como un acto de seducción. Entrevista con Vicente Rojo', Revista de la Universidad de México, July 2002 (Rojo designed the magazine 1965-1979, Bernardo Recamier then took over; Prieto's lesson to 'nunca poner nada de más'; good design 'sugiere, insinúa, propone' without weighing on the text): https://mia.revistadelauniversidad.mx/downloads/b1ed1bbf-8f62-4235-9259-6bb5df574346/rum-JUL.2002-art%c3%adculos-el-diseno-grafico-como-un-acto-de-seduccion-entrevista-con-vicente-rojo.pdf
5. El Colegio Nacional, member page 'Vicente Rojo' (Imprenta Madero, Joaquín Mortiz, FCE; co-founder of Artes de México and Ediciones Era; designs for Plural, Diálogos, Vuelta, La Gaceta, La Jornada and Unomásuno): https://colnal.mx/integrantes/vicente-rojo/
6. Alma Mater (Universidad de Antioquia), editorial 'Cien años de soledad, cincuenta años de compañía' (Rojo's cover arrived too late for the first edition, which carried Iris Pagano's galleon; it appeared from the second edition, June 1967, as a mosaic of small framed figures with the E of 'soledad' reversed): https://revistas.udea.edu.co/index.php/almamater/article/download/328137/20785091/128256
7. Jorge Castañeda, 'Las increíbles historias de la portada de Cien años de soledad', Diario Río Negro, 12 March 2012 (white ground, a blue grid, motifs in black and red-orange; Rojo: 'escogí lo popular, los elementos que están en la imaginería popular'): https://www.rionegro.com.ar/?p=499995
8. Wikipedia, 'Vicente Rojo Almazán' (Spanish) (in Mexico from 1949; Artes de México, México en la Cultura, La Cultura en México, Plural, La Jornada, Era; his 2018 estimate of about 700 Era covers and 200 more): https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Rojo_Almaz%C3%A1n
9. Wikipedia, 'Ediciones Era' (Spanish) (founded 1960 by Rojo, José Azorín and Neus, Jordi and Quico Espresate; the name from Espresate, Rojo, Azorín): https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediciones_Era

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