Layout & composition · Axis & balance
Diagonal axis
Composition driven by tilted axes and oblique movement.
A design choice in Stylogeny’s vocabulary, under layout & composition: how is the picture plane organised?
- styles make it
- 76
- as a defining choice
- 10
- as a usual one
- 25
- now and then
- 41
- avoid it
- 15
Styles defined by it 10
For these styles it is one of the choices that make the style.
- Persian Nastaʿlīq Calligraphy (Qiṭʿa, Chalipa and Siyāh-mashq)The 'hanging' script of Persian poetry and an art of the single sheet.
Ukiyo-e Woodblock PrintsMass-produced Edo-period woodblock prints of actors, courtesans, legends and landscapes, designed by an artist, cut and printed by specialist craftsmen and sold cheaply by commercial publishers.
- Italian FuturismLaunched by Marinetti's 1909 manifesto, Futurism glorified speed, machines, the city and war, and turned the printed page into an explosive, noisy field.
SuprematismKazimir Malevich's non-objective art, unveiled with the Black Square at the 0.10 exhibition in Petrograd in 1915, reduced painting to pure geometric planes floating in white, infinite space.
- Russian ConstructivismConstructivism rejected art for art's sake in favour of the artist-engineer building useful things for the new Soviet society.
- Estridentismo (Stridentist) GraphicsMexico's first avant-garde (1921-27), launched when Manuel Maples Arce pasted his manifesto Actual No. 1 on Mexico City walls.
Chinese Modern Woodcut MovementThe leftist print movement launched by Lu Xun's 1931 Shanghai woodcut workshop, which made the self-cut black-and-white woodcut China's art of national crisis and revolution.
Socialist Realist Propaganda PosterThe official art doctrine of the Soviet Union from 1932, later exported across the socialist world, which replaced avant-garde experiment with legible, heroic realism 'national in form, socialist in content'.
Spanish Civil War PosterThe poster war waged by the Spanish Republic, its unions and its anarchist, communist and socialist parties against Franco's uprising.
Googie & Atomic AgeThe exuberant commercial modernism of post-war American roadside culture (coffee shops, motels, car washes, bowling alleys and neon signs), named in 1952 by critic Douglas Haskell after John Lautner's Googie's coffee shop in Los Angeles (1949).
Styles that often use it 25
A characteristic choice: usual in these styles, though not essential.
Batik Pattern TraditionThe Javanese wax-resist textile tradition in which hot wax is drawn with a canting or stamped with a copper cap, then dyed in successive baths to build layered all-over patterns.
JaponismeThe Western absorption of Japanese woodblock prints, textiles and crafts after Japan reopened to trade in the 1850s.
Belle Époque Lithographic PosterThe large colour lithographic street poster that turned Paris into an open-air gallery, from Jules Chéret's first posters of 1866 to Leonetto Cappiello before the First World War.
Expressionist Woodcut GraphicsThe graphic arm of German Expressionism, from Die Brücke in Dresden (1905) to the Berlin journals Der Sturm and Die Aktion and Frans Masereel's woodcut novels.
Hungarian Revolutionary PosterThe political posters of Hungary's revolutions.
- Vorticism & BLAST TypographyLondon's short-lived rival to Futurism, launched by Wyndham Lewis with BLAST (dated 20 June 1914; War Number, July 1915).
- DadaBorn in wartime Zurich at the Cabaret Voltaire in 1916 and spreading to Berlin, Hanover, Cologne and Paris, Dada used chance, absurdity and provocation against the culture that had produced the war.
Kultur-Lige & Yiddish Avant-Garde Book DesignThe Yiddish modernist book of the Kultur-Lige, the secular Jewish culture league founded in Kyiv in 1918, and its circle: El Lissitzky, Issachar Ber Ryback, Iosif Chaikov, Boris Aronson and others, who sought a new Jewish art in the shtetl synagogues and tombstones they had recorded and in Cubo-Futurism and Suprematism.
Basel Object Poster (Swiss Sachplakat)The Swiss descendant of the German object poster, made in Zurich and above all Basel from 1919 to the early 1950s.
- BauhausThe German school founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 moved from Expressionist craft ideals to a programme of 'art and technology' after 1923, when Moholy-Nagy, Herbert Bayer and Joost Schmidt made its printing and advertising workshops a laboratory for functional communication.
- Italian Fascist Graphics (Romanità & Exhibition Photomontage)The visual language of Italian Fascism, which turned modernist means to a cult of Rome and of the Duce.
Die Neue TypographieThe programme that turned avant-garde experiment into a functional typographic method, named by Moholy-Nagy in 1923 and codified in Jan Tschichold's 'elementare typographie' (1925) and Die neue Typographie (1928).
Harlem Renaissance Graphic ArtThe illustration, cover and jacket art of the New Negro movement, set by Aaron Douglas after he moved to Harlem in 1925 and studied with Winold Reiss.
Streamline ModerneThe late, chiefly American phase of Art Deco, in which aerodynamic science became a visual language for a Depression-era culture hungry for progress.
- Nippon Kōbō & Tōhōsha Photo-Propaganda Magazines (NIPPON & FRONT)Luxury photo-propaganda magazines that imperial Japan sent abroad, 1934–45.
American Four-Colour Comic Book (Golden to Bronze Age)The American newsstand comic book from Famous Funnies (1934) and Action Comics #1 (1938) through the Golden, Silver and Bronze Ages, and past the Bronze Age's end in 1985 until computer colour replaced hand separations in the early 1990s.
Hebrew Poster Lettering & Early Israeli State DesignThe commercial and state graphics of the Jewish community in Mandate Palestine and early Israel, made in Tel Aviv from 1934 by designers who had trained in Berlin and Vienna: Franz Krausz, Otte Wallish and the Shamir brothers.
Taller de Gráfica PopularA Mexico City printmaking collective founded in 1937 around Leopoldo Méndez, Pablo O'Higgins and Luis Arenal to put art at the service of popular and anti-fascist struggles.
- Vietnamese Propaganda Poster (Tranh cổ động)The state poster art of Vietnam from the 1945 August Revolution to today.
Story Manga (Postwar Japanese Comics)The black-and-white narrative comic of postwar Japan, from Tezuka Osamu's Shin Takarajima (1947) to the weekly boys' magazines of 1959 and 1968 and the paperbacks that collect them.
Thaw Modernism (Soviet and Czechoslovak)The light, stylised modernism that replaced Socialist Realist illusionism and Stalinist pomp in Soviet and Czechoslovak graphic and applied design, from the 1956 Secret Speech, the 1957 Moscow youth festival and Expo 58 to the crushing of the Prague Spring in 1968 (a political cut-off; the manner ran on into the 1970s).
- Swiss Punk / New Wave TypographyA rebellion from inside the Swiss school: Wolfgang Weingart and his Basel students kept the grotesque and the grid but set them in motion with extreme letterspacing, stepped and angled lines, rules and bars, enlarged halftone screens and layered film montage.
Graffiti & Hip-Hop GraphicsBorn on New York's subway cars and Bronx party flyers, graffiti writing turns the writer's name into a monumental letter-sculpture: bubble, block and wildstyle letters with arrows, 3D drop shadows, fades and highlights, painted freehand in aerosol.
- Ethiopian Revolutionary Poster (Derg Era)The poster and mural art of the Derg military government and its successor, Mengistu's People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1974–1991), made mostly by teachers and students of the Addis Ababa School of Fine Arts.
Neo-Andean Architecture (Cholets)The facades and party halls of El Alto, Bolivia, begun by the Aymara builder-architect Freddy Mamani in 2005 for a new Aymara merchant class.
Styles that use it now and then 41
An occasional choice in these styles.
- European Heraldryc. 1140–present
- Ottoman Tughra & Dîvânî Chancery Calligraphyc. 1324–present
- Rinpa & Saga-bon1600–present
- Spanish Bullfight Poster (Cartel Taurino)1879–present
- Cubist Pictorial Space1907–1925
- Art Deco1910–1939
- Russian Futurist Book1910–1920
- Shanghai Modern & Yuefenpai1910–1949
- De Stijl1917–1931
- Brazilian Modernismo Graphics (Klaxon and the Semana de 22)1922–1929
- Czech Poetist Book Design (Devětsil)1922–1938
- Leningrad Avant-Garde Picture Book1922–1936
- Mavo1923–1925
- Early Turkish Republican Graphic Design1925–1960
- Australian Travel Poster (ANTA Era)1929–1959
- Filipino Komiks1929–1999
- Mexican Calendar Chromo (Cromos calendáricos)1930–1970
- Egyptian Painted Film Poster1932–1996
- WPA Silkscreen Posters1935–1943
- American Mid-Century Modernism1940–1970
- Hand-Painted Bollywood Poster1940–1999
- UPA & Cartoon Modern1944–1960
- International Typographic Style1950–1975
- Brazilian Concrete Design1951–1975
- Shōjo Manga (Japanese Girls' Comics)1958–present
- Di Tella Graphic Design (Instituto Torcuato Di Tella)1960–1970
- Hong Kong East–West Graphic Modernism1964–present
- Munich 1972 Olympic Design (Otl Aicher)1966–1972
- Grapus (French Militant Graphic Collective)1970–1990
- Punk & DIY Zine1976–1986
- Dutch Expressive Postmodernism (Studio Dumbar & Hard Werken)1977–1994
- Cranbrook & Deconstructivist Typography1980–1998
- Nigerian Pentecostal Crusade Poster & Billboard1990–present
- Hype Streetwear Graphics (Box Logo to Quotation Marks)1993–present
- Emoji Pictographic Language1997–present
- Y2K Futurism1997–2005
- Cartonera Books (Latin American Cardboard Publishing)2003–present
- Itasha (Anime Character Car Graphics)2005–present
- Oaxacan Protest Printmaking & Street Graphics (ASARO)2006–present
- Synthwave / Outrun2006–present
- Syrian Revolution Graphics (Kafranbel Banners & Poster Collectives)2011–2024
It often goes with
Choices that the styles making it make more often than the atlas as a whole.
- Dynamic asymmetryin 45 of 76
- Extreme scale contrastin 52 of 76
- Rotated & vertical settingin 34 of 76
- Lithographyin 31 of 76
- Utopian & idealisticin 33 of 76
- Letterpressin 25 of 76
Styles that avoid it
Styles that deliberately leave it out.
- Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic & Register Compositionc. 0–394
- Maghrebi Script (Maghribi Calligraphy of al-Andalus and North Africa)c. 900–present
- Song–Ming Woodblock Book Typography (Songti / Mincho)c. 960–present
- Mongol Bichig Calligraphy & Ugalz Ornamentc. 1204–present
- Nirnaya Sagar Devanagari Typography (Bombay Metal Type)1864–present
- Kanga (Swahili Message Cloth)1886–present
- Lotería Card Imagery (Mexican Lotería)1887–present
- Glasgow Style1890–1914
- Vienna Secession1897–1918
- Bezalel School1906–1929
- Wendingen & Amsterdam School Typography1918–1932
- West African Barbershop & Hair Salon Signs1950–present
- Soviet Central Asian Ornamental Modernism1966–1999
- Pixação (São Paulo Tag Reto)1980–present
- Madinah Mushaf (King Fahd Complex Qur'an Page)1985–present