Space & hierarchy · Hierarchy
Flat hierarchy
Elements carry equal weight; the reader chooses the path.
A design choice in Stylogeny’s vocabulary, under space & hierarchy: how is attention distributed?
- styles make it
- 65
- as a defining choice
- 1
- as a usual one
- 37
- now and then
- 27
- avoid it
- 7
Styles defined by it 1
For these styles it is one of the choices that make the style.
Styles that often use it 37
A characteristic choice: usual in these styles, though not essential.
Amazigh Sign System & TifinaghThe visual language shared by Amazigh communities from the Rif, Atlas and Kabylie to the Aurès and the Tuareg Sahara.
- Square Kufic (Bannāʾī)Square Kufic builds Arabic script on a square grid: straight lines and right angles only, with every stroke as wide as the gap beside it.
Persian Miniature (Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid Book Painting)The court book painting of Iran and Timurid Herat, formed in Mongol Tabriz from Islamic, Byzantine and Chinese models: from Rashid al-Din's Jamiʿ al-tawarikh (1314) and the Great Mongol Shahnama to Behzad's Herat and the Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp, ending in the album pages of Safavid Isfahan.
- Tibetan Woodblock Print Culture (Pecha & Prayer Flags)Tibetan Buddhist and Bön woodblock printing, from the first printed Kangyur (1410, cut in China) and the 15th-century presses of Gungthang to the great printing houses of Narthang, Derge and Lhasa.
Batik Pattern TraditionThe Javanese wax-resist textile tradition in which hot wax is drawn with a canting or stamped with a copper cap, then dyed in successive baths to build layered all-over patterns.
Adinkra & Kente Symbol SystemsThe Akan textile languages of Ghana.
Pacific Barkcloth (Tapa) DesignBarkcloth beaten from paper-mulberry inner bark and decorated across Polynesia and Fiji for gift exchange at weddings, funerals and chiefly investitures.
Chaekgeori & Minhwa Screen PaintingKorean painted folding screens of the late Joseon period.
Lotería Card Imagery (Mexican Lotería)The picture deck of Mexico's lotería, a bingo-like game of chance.
Bògòlanfini Mud ClothThe mud-dyed cotton cloth of the Bamana and other Malian peoples, in which the ground rather than the motif is painted: cloth dyed yellow with n'gallama leaves is covered around each sign with fermented iron-rich mud, and the unpainted signs are then bleached pale.
Cubist Pictorial SpaceThe pictorial revolution of Picasso and Braque that shattered single-point perspective into overlapping, faceted planes seen from several viewpoints at once.
Russian Futurist BookThe cheap, small-run books of the Russian Cubo-Futurist poets and painters, from Kruchenykh and Khlebnikov to Goncharova, Larionov and Rozanova.
- Arnhem Land Bark Painting & RarrkPainting in ochres on flattened stringybark by Yolŋu, Kunwinjku, Kuninjku and other clans of Arnhem Land, carrying ceremonial designs into portable form; collected from 1912, painted through art centres since the 1970s.
- DadaBorn in wartime Zurich at the Cabaret Voltaire in 1916 and spreading to Berlin, Hanover, Cologne and Paris, Dada used chance, absurdity and provocation against the culture that had produced the war.
Hong Kong Neon & Beiwei Shop-Sign LetteringThe night-time signscape of Hong Kong's Kowloon streets.
Taiwan Floral Cloth (Huabu)Cheap printed cotton covered edge to edge in large, full-blown peonies with lotuses, phoenixes, dragons, mandarin ducks, small florets and auspicious emblems on saturated vermilion, bright pink or sky-blue grounds.
West African Barbershop & Hair Salon SignsHand-painted boards advertising barbershops and braiding salons across West and Central Africa, made by self-taught, often anonymous sign painters since the mid-20th century.
Finnish Bold Print (Marimekko Modernism)The printed-cotton modernism of Marimekko, founded in Helsinki in 1951 by Armi and Viljo Ratia out of Viljo's printing firm Printex.
Situationist Détournement GraphicsGraphics of the Letterist and Situationist Internationals (1956–1972), built on détournement: taking existing words and pictures (comic strips, advertisements, news photographs, city maps, classic texts) and turning them against their source.
Fluxus Graphics (Maciunas)The house graphics George Maciunas made from 1962 until his death in 1978 for Fluxus, a network of artists who staged events and sold cheap multiples.
Rorke's Drift LinocutThe prints of the Lutheran art centre that Swedish teachers Peder and Ulla Gowenius started at Ceza Hospital in 1962 and moved to Rorke's Drift in 1963: under apartheid, which denied Black South Africans formal fine-art education, the chief training ground for many Black artists.
Psychedelic PosterThe concert-poster language of the 1960s counterculture, born in San Francisco's Fillmore and Avalon ballrooms and echoed in London's underground press.
Warli PaintingThe ritual wall painting of the Warli, an Adivasi people of the northern Sahyadri in Maharashtra, carried onto paper and canvas from the 1970s by Jivya Soma Mashe and others.
- Western Desert IconographyThe acrylic painting movement that took form at Papunya in 1971, when men there painted the Honey Ant Dreaming on the school wall and then on board, carrying an older practice of sand, body and ceremonial designs into lasting form. 'Western Desert' is an umbrella name: the movement also includes Warlpiri, Anmatyerre and Arrernte painters of the Central Desert.
Cranbrook & Deconstructivist TypographyGraduate-school experimentation, centred on Katherine and Michael McCoy's Cranbrook design programme, that applied post-structuralist literary theory to the page.
Pixação (São Paulo Tag Reto)The name-writing of São Paulo's pixadores, which since the 1980s has covered walls and façades and, from the 1990s, the upper floors of tower blocks.
Memphis DesignThe Milan collective founded by Ettore Sottsass, whose furniture, laminates and objects (first shown in September 1981) became a graphic language of their own.
SuperflatThe flat, saturated, cartoon-crowded look that Takashi Murakami named in his exhibition and manifesto Superflat (Tokyo, 2000; US tour 2001).
Early Web VernacularThe amateur web of the mid-1990s to early 2000s, when millions of people hand-coded personal homepages on free hosts such as GeoCities with table layouts, browser-default fonts, tiled backgrounds, animated GIFs, MIDI soundtracks, hit counters and ‘under construction’ signs.
Japanese Dense Web DesignThe information-packed look of Japan's big portals, shops, airlines and ministries: three or more narrow columns of boxed modules, crowded with small Japanese text, blue links, tiny thumbnails, dated news lists and rotating ad banners, in bright colours on a white page.
Contemporary Arabic & Dual-Script Type DesignA twenty-first-century type culture that redraws Arabic as a family matched to a Latin companion in weight, proportion and contrast, so the two scripts can share a page, screen or sign as equals.
Polish Information Picture Book (Dwie Siostry)Mostly large-format information picture books made since 2008 by the Warsaw publisher Dwie Siostry with young illustrators led by Aleksandra and Daniel Mizieliński, graduates of the city's Academy of Fine Arts: atlases, cross-sections, labyrinths, activity books and wordless seek-and-find board books.
Brutalist Web DesignA reaction against templated, conversion-optimised web design that exposes the raw materials of the browser: default system fonts, blue underlined links, visible borders, unstyled forms and plain document flow.
Data HumanismAn information-design approach that draws data rather than charting it, treating numbers as personal, approximate and human.
- Hong Kong Protest Art (Umbrella Movement to the 2019–20 Protests)The graphics of Hong Kong's democracy protests, from the 2014 Umbrella Movement to the national security law of 2020, in two linked media.
Chilean Estallido Social Graphics (Revuelta Popular of 2019–20)The street graphics of Chile's popular revolt, from 18 October 2019 to the March 2020 lockdowns, when a leaderless movement covered Santiago's Plaza de la Dignidad, the Alameda and other cities' walls.
NeumorphismA short-lived interface trend in which controls are extruded from, or pressed into, a background of the same colour and modelled only by paired soft shadows.
Styles that use it now and then 27
An occasional choice in these styles.
- Andean Woven Graphic Systemsc. 600–present
- Islamic Geometric & Calligraphic Traditionc. 690–present
- Song–Ming Woodblock Book Typography (Songti / Mincho)c. 960–present
- Mixteca-Puebla Codex Paintingc. 1200–1560
- Kōwhaiwhai & Toi Māori Design1500–present
- Burmese Parabaik Painting (Konbaung Folding Books)1752–1885
- Nieuwe Kunst (Dutch Art Nouveau)1892–1914
- Uli & Nsibidi Line and Sign Tradition1900–present
- Leningrad Avant-Garde Picture Book1922–1936
- Ligne Claire (Franco-Belgian Clear Line)1929–present
- Jeepney Art1946–present
- Escuela Bruguera (Spanish Humour Comics)1947–1986
- Zagreb Modernist Graphics (EXAT 51 to Teatar &TD)1951–1975
- Dazibao (Big-Character Posters)1957–1980
- Op Art Graphics1960–1975
- Total Design & Dutch Functionalism1963–1990
- Tingatinga Painting1968–present
- Dutch Expressive Postmodernism (Studio Dumbar & Hard Werken)1977–1994
- Global Village Coffeehouse1988–2003
- Grunge Typography1990–2000
- L'Association and French Alternative Comics1990–present
- Torres Strait Islander Linocut1991–present
- Glitch Art & Datamosh Graphics2001–present
- Cartonera Books (Latin American Cardboard Publishing)2003–present
- Vaporwave2011–2017
- NFT Profile-Picture Collections (CryptoPunks to Bored Apes)2017–present
- Black Lives Matter Street Murals2020–present
It often goes with
Choices that the styles making it make more often than the atlas as a whole.
- All-over fieldin 34 of 65
- Horror vacuiin 46 of 65
- Repetition & rhythmin 49 of 65
- Modular gridin 28 of 65
- Pattern & repeatin 29 of 65
- Rectilinearin 32 of 65
Styles that avoid it
Styles that deliberately leave it out.
- Ottoman Tughra & Dîvânî Chancery Calligraphyc. 1324–present
- Zoomorphic & Figural Calligraphy (Islamic Calligrams)1500–present
- Emblem Book (Motto, Picture & Epigram)1531–1724
- Belle Époque Lithographic Poster1866–1914
- Italian Fascist Graphics (Romanità & Exhibition Photomontage)1921–1943
- Socialist Realist Propaganda Poster1932–1989
- Korean Webtoon Graphics2002–present