# ECM Sleeve Aesthetic (Munich)

> The cover language of the Munich label ECM, made since 1970 by Barbara Wojirsch, Dieter Rehm and later Sascha Kleis and Mayo Bucher with co-founder Manfred Eicher. Each sleeve carries one image chosen to correspond to the music and only rarely to show the players: a wintry, often black-and-white sea, sky or empty landscape, a film still, or in Wojirsch's covers a scribble, rune or handwritten title. A few slender lines of small type, usually sans-serif, give the barest information. The idiom has held across more than five decades of releases.

- Period: 1969–present
- Where: Central Europe
- Origin: Munich: the label ECM (Edition of Contemporary Music), founded in 1969 by Karl Egger, Manfred Eicher and Manfred Scheffner. Barbara Wojirsch designed its covers from 1970 until she retired in the mid-1990s (signed 'B. & B. Wojirsch' with her husband Burkhart until his death in the mid-1970s); the photographer and designer Dieter Rehm joined in 1978, and Sascha Kleis and Mayo Bucher came later, all working in dialogue with Eicher
- Branch: Rational modernism
- Also known as: ECM cover art, The visual language of ECM, ECM look
- Page: https://stylogeny.com/styles/ecm-sleeve/

## Use it with care

The sleeves, their photographs (by Franco Fontana, Christian Vogt and others) and the stills from Godard's and Tarkovsky's films belong to their makers and the label, which still issues records under its own look: take the method (one corresponding image, tiny type, silence), photograph or license your own image, and never present a design as an ECM release or letter the label's logotype or a catalogue number on it. Use borrowed signs knowingly: an ensō is a Zen Buddhist practice, and some runes carry far-right associations in Europe.

## How it works

- Pick one image that corresponds to the music rather than illustrating it or showing the musicians: a sea, a sky, an empty landscape, a time-lapse of stars, a figure seen from far off, chosen from a 'storehouse of possible images'.
- Keep the picture wintry and still: black and white, near-monochrome or in pale, desaturated colour, misty, blurred or grainy, framed like a still from a slow film rather than a record of an event.
- Set the type in one or two slender lines, small: usually a light sans-serif from a small repertoire of faces, sometimes a quiet italic or letterspaced serif, and let it carry only the barest information, the artist and the title, with no label logo or catalogue number.
- Leave the field white, grey or one muted colour (a dark teal, an ochre) and place a small block of type asymmetrically against the image, so the empty space reads as silence before the record is played.
- When there is no photograph, let one hand-made sign carry the cover: a loose crayon scribble, a runic or hieroglyphic glyph, stencilled letters or the designer's own handwriting; or let a block of quiet lettering on a pale field stand alone.

## Its design choices

Defining choices make the style, characteristic ones are usual, occasional ones turn up now and then.

### Layout & composition
- [Isolated object](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/isolated-object/) (characteristic)
- [Full bleed](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/full-bleed/) (characteristic)
- [Dynamic asymmetry](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/dynamic-asymmetry/) (characteristic)

### Space & hierarchy
- [Generous white space](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/generous-white-space/) (defining)
- [Single focal point](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/single-focal-point/) (defining)
- [Extreme scale contrast](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/extreme-scale-contrast/) (occasional)

### Typography
- [Grotesque & neo-grotesque](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/grotesque-and-neo-grotesque/) (characteristic)
- [Humanist & Garalde serif](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/humanist-and-garalde-serif/) (occasional)
- [Wide letterspacing](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/wide-letterspacing/) (occasional)
- [Flush left, ragged right](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/flush-left-ragged-right/) (occasional)
- [All caps](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/all-caps/) (occasional)
- [Hand-lettering](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/hand-lettering/) (occasional)
- [Stencil](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/stencil/) (occasional)

### Colour
- [Monochrome](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/monochrome/) (defining)
- [Analogous harmony](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/analogous-harmony/) (characteristic)
- [Light ground](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/light-ground/) (characteristic)
- [Pastel](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/pastel/) (occasional)
- [Dark ground](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/dark-ground/) (occasional)
- [Earth & mineral](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/earth-and-mineral/) (occasional)
- [Gradients](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/gradients/) (occasional)

### Form & shape
- [Naturalistic depiction](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/naturalistic-depiction/) (characteristic)
- [Non-representational](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/non-representational/) (characteristic)
- [Pictogram](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/pictogram/) (occasional)

### Surface & texture
- [Grain & noise](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/grain-and-noise/) (characteristic)
- [Painterly brushwork](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/painterly-brushwork/) (occasional)

### Ornament
- [Ornament-free](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/ornament-free/) (defining)

### Imagery
- [Straight photography](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/straight-photography/) (defining)
- [Treated photography](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/treated-photography/) (occasional)
- [Painterly illustration](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/painterly-illustration/) (occasional)
- [Typography only](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/typography-only/) (occasional)

### Medium & production
- [Offset printing](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/offset-printing/) (defining)
- [Pen, brush & ink](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/pen-brush-and-ink/) (occasional)

### Tone & intent
- [Calm & contemplative](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/calm-and-contemplative/) (defining)
- [Romantic & sensual](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/romantic-and-sensual/) (characteristic)
- [Spiritual & sacred](https://stylogeny.com/design-choices/spiritual-and-sacred/) (occasional)

Avoids: Type as image, Condensed display, Eclectic mixing, Ornamented display, Full polychrome, Fluorescent & neon, Complementary clash, Horror vacui, Visual tension, Abundant decoration

Palette: #f3f2ee, #c8cacb, #7d8a92, #a89f8d, #3a3f42, #1b1c1d

Typefaces: Small light grotesque, Widely spaced light sans capitals, Small italic serif, A small repertoire of slender sans-serif typefaces set small, in what Barbara Wojirsch called 'purity' after Jan Tschichold (Eye, 1995) and Aperture called 'spare, International-style typography' (2013), Barbara Wojirsch's own handwriting as the central graphic of several covers, Painted and written titles: watercolour lettering (Dave Holland Quartet, Extensions, 1990) and a calligraphic title (Arvo Pärt, Miserere, 1991), Stencil lettering after Jasper Johns (Jan Garbarek, Aftenland, 1980; Lester Bowie, All the Magic, 1983)

Known for: Barbara Wojirsch, more than 200 ECM covers from 1970 to the mid-1990s (signed 'B. & B. Wojirsch' with Burkhart Wojirsch in the early years), e.g. Ralph Towner, Diary (1974, design B. & B. Wojirsch) and Steve Kuhn, Non-Fiction (1978, nominated for Best Album Package at the 21st Grammy Awards, 1979); Keith Jarrett, Facing You (1972) and The Köln Concert (1975), design Barbara and Burkhart Wojirsch: black-and-white photographs of the pianist, early exceptions to the near-rule of no players; Jan Garbarek, Dis (ECM 1093, 1977): Franco Fontana's photograph of a calm sea and sandy beach, layout B. Wojirsch (V&A E.1648-1990); Pat Metheny, Rejoicing (ECM 1271, 1984): a Wojirsch cover after Cy Twombly's crayon scribbles; Jan Garbarek, Aftenland (1980) and Lester Bowie, All the Magic (1983): stencil lettering after Jasper Johns; Arvo Pärt, Tabula Rasa (ECM New Series 1275, 1984), the first New Series release: a typographic cover of muted pastel and block lettering, design Barbara Wojirsch; Dino Saluzzi, Andina (1988): a figure watching a rough sea, photograph by Manufaktur Lichtblick, design Barbara Wojirsch (V&A E.1689-1990); Tamia and Pierre Favre, De la Nuit ... le Jour (1988): a time-lapse photograph of stars, design Dieter Rehm (V&A E.1667-1990)

## Where it comes from, and what it’s close to

- Grew out of: [Minimalist Graphic Design](https://stylogeny.com/styles/minimalism.md) (1965–present)
- Influenced by: [Die Neue Typographie](https://stylogeny.com/styles/new-typography.md) (1923–1940)
- Influenced by: [International Typographic Style](https://stylogeny.com/styles/swiss-international.md) (1950–1975)
- Alike in its design choices: [Slow-Living Editorial (the Kinfolk Look)](https://stylogeny.com/styles/kinfolk-slow-editorial.md) (2011–present), 75% alike
- Alike in its design choices: [Post-Punk Record Sleeve (Stiff, Factory, 4AD)](https://stylogeny.com/styles/post-punk-sleeve.md) (1977–1990), 71% alike
- Alike in its design choices: [Hipgnosis Photographic Concept Sleeve](https://stylogeny.com/styles/hipgnosis-sleeve.md) (1968–1983), 68% alike
- Alike in its design choices: [West German Conceptual Film & Culture Poster (Hillmann and Rambow)](https://stylogeny.com/styles/neue-filmkunst-poster.md) (1953–1990), 56% alike
- Alike in its design choices: [Fotoromanzo (Italian Photo-Romance)](https://stylogeny.com/styles/fotoromanzo.md) (1947–present), 55% alike
- Alike in its design choices: [Ma & Wabi-sabi Aesthetics](https://stylogeny.com/styles/wabi-sabi.md) (1500–present), 52% alike

## Sources

- Wikipedia, ECM Records (founded in Munich in 1969 by Karl Egger, Manfred Eicher and Manfred Scheffner; covers profiled in Sleeves of Desire, 1996, and Windfall Light, 2010; stills from Godard's films on covers such as Morimur, ECM New Series 1765): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECM_Records
- Wikipedia, Barbara Wojirsch (from 1970 with her husband, signed 'B & B Wojirsch'; more than 200 covers before retiring in the mid-1990s; Twombly's influence; her handwriting as the central graphic for several albums; Non-Fiction, 1978, Grammy nomination; Dieter Rehm joined ECM's staff in 1978): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Wojirsch
- Adrian Shaughnessy, 'Think of your ears as eyes', Eye 16, Spring 1995 ('a small repertoire of sans serif typefaces'; Tschichold and 'purity'; watercolour lettering for Extensions; hieroglyphic and runic symbols on I Took Up the Runes; Twombly-inspired Rejoicing; Johns' stencil lettering on Aftenland and All the Magic; the calligraphic Miserere title; ECM's 'images of solitude, the sea, desolate landscapes', 'used sequentially in the manner of movie stills'): https://eyemagazine.com/feature/article/think-of-your-ears-as-eyes
- Adrian Shaughnessy, 'One man brand?', Eye 76, Summer 2010 ('wintry monochrome imagery, miniscule typography, hardly any artist's pictures'; 'near universal use of photography'; 'slender lines of typography imparting only the barest amount of information'; caption 'Diary, Ralph Towner (1974). Design: B. & B. Wojirsch.'): https://eyemagazine.com/feature/article/one-man-brand
- Lars Müller Publishers, Windfall Light: The Visual Language of ECM (2010; covers by Eicher with Barbara Wojirsch, Dieter Rehm and Sascha Kleis; 'a storehouse of possible images'; a 'dialogue between the photographic image and the music'): https://www.lars-mueller-publishers.com/windfall-light
- Rob Giampietro, 'ECM—A Cultural Anthology', Aperture, 14 March 2013 (also posted on Giampietro's blog as 'A Great Improvisation'), on ECM – A Cultural Archaeology at the Haus der Kunst, Munich ('spare, International-style typography or Cy Twombly–like glyphs, runes, and expressive handwriting'; 'vast expanses like the sea or severe, distressed landscapes frequently absent of people'; 'designers Dieter Rehm, Sascha Kleis, and Mayo Bucher'): https://aperture.org/editorial/a-great-improvisation/
- V&A, ECM Records sleeves given by Manfred Eicher / ECM Records (73 objects): https://collections.vam.ac.uk/context/organisation/A35135/ecm-records
- V&A, Dis, 1977, Franco Fontana and Barbara Wojirsch, E.1648-1990: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O190598/
- V&A, Andina, 1988, Barbara Wojirsch, E.1689-1990: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O190639/
- V&A, De la Nuit ... le Jour, 1988, Dieter Rehm, E.1667-1990: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O190617/
- V&A, Changeless, 1989, Dieter Rehm with a painting by Gyokusei Jikihara, E.1681-1990: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O190631/
- V&A, Passio, 1988, Barbara Wojirsch, offset lithography and silkscreen, E.1671-1990: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O190621/
- V&A, Legend of The Seven Dreams, 1988, photograph by Christian Vogt, design Barbara Wojirsch, E.1675-1990: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O190625/
- ECM Records, Morimur (ECM 1765, released 14 September 2001): https://ecmrecords.com/product/morimur/
- ECM Records, Nostalghia – Song for Tarkovsky (ECM 1979, released 25 August 2006; booklet stills from the Institut Tarkovski): https://ecmrecords.com/product/nostalghia-song-for-tarkovsky/
- Wikipedia, Grammy Award for Best Recording Package (21st Grammy Awards, 1979: Best Album Package nominees include Steve Kuhn, Non-Fiction, art director Barbara Wojirsch): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package
- Wikipedia, Facing You (March 1972, ECM 1017 ST; photography Danny Michael; 'Barbara and Burkhart Wojirsch – cover design and layout'): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facing_You
- Wikipedia, The Köln Concert (1975, ECM 1064/65 ST; 'Barbara and Burkhart Wojirsch – cover design'; photography Wolfgang Frankenstein): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_K%C3%B6ln_Concert
- Wikipedia, La Scala (Keith Jarrett, May 1997, ECM 1640; cover design Michael Hofstetter, cover graphic Mayo Bucher): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala_(album)
- ECM Records, Rejoicing (ECM 1271, recorded November 1983, originally released 01.04.1984): https://ecmrecords.com/product/rejoicing/
- ECM Reviews, Arvo Pärt: Tabula rasa (Special Edition), 5 January 2011 (ECM New Series 1275, first appeared in 1984, the label's 'first New Series album'; 'this modest cover of muted pastel and block lettering'): https://ecmreviews.com/2011/01/05/tabula-rasa/
- Shuga Records, listing for Arvo Pärt, Tabula Rasa (ECM New Series – ECM 1275; 'Cover [Cover Design] – Barbara Wojirsch'): https://www.shugarecords.com/products/arvo-part-tabula-rasa-1984-new-lp-record-2024-ecm-vinyl-booklet-ecm-jazz-avant-garde

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From Stylogeny (https://stylogeny.com/), an atlas of graphic-design styles by Van Riel Online Services. How it is made: https://stylogeny.com/about/. Cite as: Stylogeny, “ECM Sleeve Aesthetic (Munich)”, https://stylogeny.com/styles/ecm-sleeve/